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The efficiency of ultrafiltration membranes at removing TOC and THMFP in a British Columbia surface water Kenway, Samantha Elizabeth
Abstract
This research investigated the efficiency of membrane filtration technology at reducing the total trihalomethane formation potential in a British Columbia drinking water. Trihalomethanes are formed in drinking water as a result of chlorination of natural organic matter present in the source water. They are halogen substituted single-carbon compounds which are suspected human carcinogens. Chloroform, most frequently detected and at the highest concentrations in drinking water, often serves as an estimate for total trihalomethanes. In a national survey of 70 water supplies serving 38% of Canada's population, conducted in the winter of 1976/1977, chloroform concentrations 800 m downstream from point of chlorination, averaged 22.7 μg/L (ranging from 0 to 121 μg/L). The current Canadian guideline for total trihalomethanes is 100 μg/L. The United States' guideline (to be implemented January 2002) is 80 μg/L. Many water suppliers will not be able to meet this guideline. Both Canada and the US, state that the preferred method of controlling trihalomethanes is precursor removal (removal of naturally occurring organic matter), and the best method of precursor removal is organics removal. The present research evaluated the removal patterns of TOC and THMFP under different treatment conditions for Seymour Reservoir water in Vancouver, British Columbia. The TOC and THMFP removal patterns as measured for raw water, microfiltration (MF) filtered water, coagulated and MF filtered water, ultrafiltration (UF) filtered water, and powdered activated carbon (PAC) treated and UF filtered water were evaluated with respect to their removal efficacy. Additionally, the removal patterns were evaluated to determine if DBP production was primarily humic acid- or fulvic acid-controlled, and to determine the usefulness of TOC as a surrogate parameter. Other surrogate parameters, UV254, specific UVA (SUVA) and differential UV were also evaluated for the same waters. This research demonstrated that organic removal does not equate to a trihalomethane production reduction (estimated using chloroform production measurements). And the technologies effective at organics removal (membrane filtration technology with and with out applied pretreatments) are not always effective at removing trihalomethane formation potential. TOC removal did not equal THMFP removal. Tests demonstrated that coagulation effectively removed organics of above molecular above 10 000 Daltons but the greatest THMFP remained with organics of molecular weight <3000 Daltons. The pilot plant study also showed that TOC removal and THMFP removal are not equated. The MF membrane removed an average of 12.9% of the raw water TOC and an average of 27.2% of the raw water THMFP, while the UF membrane removed 30.9% of the raw water TOC but only 18.5% of the raw water THMFP. The water appears to be controlled by humic acids. The treatment process which removes organic material in the humic acid range (coagulation) showed the largest chloroform formation potential reductions.
Item Metadata
Title |
The efficiency of ultrafiltration membranes at removing TOC and THMFP in a British Columbia surface water
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Creator | |
Publisher |
University of British Columbia
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Date Issued |
2001
|
Description |
This research investigated the efficiency of membrane filtration technology at
reducing the total trihalomethane formation potential in a British Columbia drinking water.
Trihalomethanes are formed in drinking water as a result of chlorination of natural organic
matter present in the source water. They are halogen substituted single-carbon compounds
which are suspected human carcinogens. Chloroform, most frequently detected and at the
highest concentrations in drinking water, often serves as an estimate for total
trihalomethanes. In a national survey of 70 water supplies serving 38% of Canada's
population, conducted in the winter of 1976/1977, chloroform concentrations 800 m
downstream from point of chlorination, averaged 22.7 μg/L (ranging from 0 to 121 μg/L).
The current Canadian guideline for total trihalomethanes is 100 μg/L. The United States'
guideline (to be implemented January 2002) is 80 μg/L. Many water suppliers will not be
able to meet this guideline. Both Canada and the US, state that the preferred method of
controlling trihalomethanes is precursor removal (removal of naturally occurring organic
matter), and the best method of precursor removal is organics removal.
The present research evaluated the removal patterns of TOC and THMFP under different
treatment conditions for Seymour Reservoir water in Vancouver, British Columbia. The TOC
and THMFP removal patterns as measured for raw water, microfiltration (MF) filtered water,
coagulated and MF filtered water, ultrafiltration (UF) filtered water, and powdered activated
carbon (PAC) treated and UF filtered water were evaluated with respect to their removal
efficacy. Additionally, the removal patterns were evaluated to determine if DBP production
was primarily humic acid- or fulvic acid-controlled, and to determine the usefulness of TOC
as a surrogate parameter. Other surrogate parameters, UV254, specific UVA (SUVA) and
differential UV were also evaluated for the same waters.
This research demonstrated that organic removal does not equate to a trihalomethane
production reduction (estimated using chloroform production measurements). And the
technologies effective at organics removal (membrane filtration technology with and with out
applied pretreatments) are not always effective at removing trihalomethane formation
potential. TOC removal did not equal THMFP removal. Tests demonstrated that coagulation
effectively removed organics of above molecular above 10 000 Daltons but the greatest
THMFP remained with organics of molecular weight <3000 Daltons. The pilot plant study
also showed that TOC removal and THMFP removal are not equated. The MF membrane
removed an average of 12.9% of the raw water TOC and an average of 27.2% of the raw
water THMFP, while the UF membrane removed 30.9% of the raw water TOC but only
18.5% of the raw water THMFP. The water appears to be controlled by humic acids. The
treatment process which removes organic material in the humic acid range (coagulation)
showed the largest chloroform formation potential reductions.
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Extent |
6578568 bytes
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Genre | |
Type | |
File Format |
application/pdf
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Language |
eng
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Date Available |
2009-08-12
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Provider |
Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library
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Rights |
For non-commercial purposes only, such as research, private study and education. Additional conditions apply, see Terms of Use https://open.library.ubc.ca/terms_of_use.
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DOI |
10.14288/1.0063725
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URI | |
Degree | |
Program | |
Affiliation | |
Degree Grantor |
University of British Columbia
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Graduation Date |
2002-05
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Campus | |
Scholarly Level |
Graduate
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Aggregated Source Repository |
DSpace
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Item Media
Item Citations and Data
Rights
For non-commercial purposes only, such as research, private study and education. Additional conditions apply, see Terms of Use https://open.library.ubc.ca/terms_of_use.